Walking performance varies significantly by age, sex, fitness level, and health status. These evidence-based
benchmarks help you understand your walking metrics in context, set realistic goals, and track meaningful
progress over time.
Important Context: These benchmarks represent typical ranges for healthy
adults. Individual variation is normal and expected. Use these standards as general guides, not
rigid requirements. Clinical populations (cardiovascular disease, COPD, arthritis, etc.) may have different
norms—consult healthcare providers for personalized targets.
Gait Speed Standards
"Gait speed is the sixth vital sign" (Studenski et al., JAMA 2011). Walking speed predicts
mortality, hospitalization, functional decline, and overall health status in older adults. A threshold of
>1.0 m/s indicates good functional capacity.
Age-Stratified Gait Speed Norms (Healthy Adults)
Men - Comfortable Walking Speed
Age Range
Slow
Normal
Fast
Very Fast
20-29 years
<1.30 m/s
1.30-1.45 m/s
1.45-1.60 m/s
>1.60 m/s
30-39 years
<1.28 m/s
1.28-1.43 m/s
1.43-1.58 m/s
>1.58 m/s
40-49 years
<1.25 m/s
1.25-1.40 m/s
1.40-1.55 m/s
>1.55 m/s
50-59 years
<1.20 m/s
1.20-1.35 m/s
1.35-1.50 m/s
>1.50 m/s
60-69 years
<1.15 m/s
1.15-1.30 m/s
1.30-1.45 m/s
>1.45 m/s
70-79 years
<1.05 m/s
1.05-1.20 m/s
1.20-1.35 m/s
>1.35 m/s
80+ years
<0.90 m/s
0.90-1.05 m/s
1.05-1.20 m/s
>1.20 m/s
Women - Comfortable Walking Speed
Age Range
Slow
Normal
Fast
Very Fast
20-29 years
<1.25 m/s
1.25-1.40 m/s
1.40-1.55 m/s
>1.55 m/s
30-39 years
<1.23 m/s
1.23-1.38 m/s
1.38-1.53 m/s
>1.53 m/s
40-49 years
<1.20 m/s
1.20-1.35 m/s
1.35-1.50 m/s
>1.50 m/s
50-59 years
<1.15 m/s
1.15-1.30 m/s
1.30-1.45 m/s
>1.45 m/s
60-69 years
<1.10 m/s
1.10-1.25 m/s
1.25-1.40 m/s
>1.40 m/s
70-79 years
<0.95 m/s
0.95-1.10 m/s
1.10-1.25 m/s
>1.25 m/s
80+ years
<0.80 m/s
0.80-0.95 m/s
0.95-1.10 m/s
>1.10 m/s
Clinical Significance of Gait Speed
Gait Speed
Classification
Functional Implications
<0.60 m/s
Severely impaired
Dependent for most ADLs; wheelchair use often needed for community mobility
0.60-0.80 m/s
Moderately impaired
Limited household ambulator; requires assistance for community activities
0.80-1.00 m/s
Mildly impaired
Limited community ambulator; can cross street safely but with difficulty
1.00-1.20 m/s
Functional threshold
Independent in community; can cross street (1.22 m/s needed for 3-4 lane roads)
Meta-Analysis (Studenski et al., 2011): Each 0.1 m/s increase in gait speed associated with
12% reduction in mortality risk in adults age 65+. Gait speed >1.0 m/s predicts median
survival of 19-21 years; <0.6 m/s predicts 6-7 years.
Cadence Benchmarks
Age-Stratified Cadence at Self-Selected Speed
These values represent typical cadence when walking at comfortable, self-selected pace. Data from
Tudor-Locke et al. (2019) CADENCE-Adults calibration study (N=156, ages 21-85).
Age Range
Men (mean ± SD)
Women (mean ± SD)
Combined
21-30 years
102 ± 10 spm
105 ± 12 spm
103-104 spm
31-40 years
100 ± 11 spm
103 ± 11 spm
101-102 spm
41-50 years
98 ± 10 spm
101 ± 12 spm
99-100 spm
51-60 years
96 ± 11 spm
99 ± 11 spm
97-98 spm
61-70 years
93 ± 12 spm
96 ± 12 spm
94-95 spm
71-80 years
89 ± 13 spm
92 ± 13 spm
90-91 spm
81+ years
84 ± 14 spm
87 ± 14 spm
85-86 spm
Intensity-Based Cadence Thresholds (All Ages)
Cadence
METs
Intensity
Sensitivity
Specificity
100 spm
≥3.0
Moderate (heuristic threshold)
86.0%
89.6%
110 spm
~4.0
Brisk walking
-
-
120 spm
~5.0
Very brisk
-
-
130 spm
≥6.0
Vigorous (heuristic threshold)
81.3%
84.7%
Moore's Equation: METs = 0.0219 × cadence (spm) + 0.72 (R² = 0.87)
This equation allows estimation of energy expenditure directly from cadence, independent of speed or
stride length.
While 100 spm works as a general heuristic, optimal moderate intensity cadence varies slightly by age. These
are the cadences corresponding to 3.0 METs (moderate intensity threshold) by age decade.
Age Range
Men (3 METs)
Women (3 METs)
Practical Recommendation
21-40 years
~102 spm
~105 spm
≥100 spm
41-60 years
~98 spm
~100 spm
≥95 spm
61-80 years
~92 spm
~94 spm
≥90 spm
81+ years
~87 spm
~89 spm
≥85 spm
Peak-30 Cadence Targets
Breakthrough Research (Del Pozo-Cruz et al., 2022): Analysis of 78,500 UK Biobank
participants found that Peak-30 cadence (average cadence during best 30 consecutive minutes
per day) independently predicted mortality and CVD risk. This metric matters more than total daily steps for
health outcomes.
Peak-30 Cadence Health Categories
Peak-30 Cadence
Classification
Mortality Risk
CVD Risk
Target Population
<70 spm
Very low
Reference (highest risk)
Reference
Clinical populations, severe limitations
70-79 spm
Low
~15% lower risk
~12% lower
Sedentary individuals starting activity
80-89 spm
Moderate
~25% lower risk
~20% lower
Regularly active for daily living
90-99 spm
Good
~35% lower risk
~30% lower
Regular exercise, purposeful walking
100-109 spm
Brisk
~40% lower risk
~35% lower
Target for health guidelines (150 min/wk)
≥110 spm
Very brisk
~50% lower risk
~45% lower
Fitness-focused individuals, athletes
Peak-30 Training Targets by Goal
Goal
Peak-30 Target
Frequency
Duration
Minimum health benefit
≥80 spm
5 days/week
30 minutes
Moderate health benefit
≥90 spm
5 days/week
30 minutes
Guideline compliance
≥100 spm
5 days/week
30 minutes (150 min/wk)
Substantial health benefit
≥110 spm
5 days/week
30 minutes
Optimal health benefit
≥120 spm
5-7 days/week
30-60 minutes
Practical Application: Rather than focusing solely on step count (10,000 steps/day),
prioritize achieving your Peak-30 target. 30 minutes at ≥100 spm = stronger predictor of health
outcomes than total daily steps at lower intensity.
Important Nuance: Recent meta-analyses show that step count benefits plateau around
8,000-10,000 steps/day for mortality reduction. However, intensity matters—30
minutes at ≥100 spm (Peak-30) provides greater benefit than 10,000 slow steps.
Gait Symmetry Norms
Gait Symmetry Index (GSI)
GSI (%) = |Right - Left| / [0.5 × (Right + Left)] × 100
Where Right/Left = step length, stance time, or swing time
Lower values = better symmetry (0% = perfect symmetry)
GSI Reference Values (Healthy Adults)
GSI Value
Classification
Interpretation
<2%
Excellent symmetry
Normal healthy adult, efficient gait
2-5%
Good symmetry
Normal variation, no concern
5-10%
Mild asymmetry
May indicate minor imbalance, fatigue, or natural variation
10-20%
Moderate asymmetry
Warrants attention; possible injury, weakness, or compensation
Healthy young adults (20-40 years) typically show GSI <3%. Older adults (65+) show slightly higher
asymmetry (GSI 3-6%) due to:
Reduced muscle strength, especially unilateral weakness
Joint stiffness and arthritis
Balance and proprioception decline
Accumulated minor injuries or compensations
Clinical Application: GSI monitoring is especially valuable in:
Post-injury rehabilitation: Track return to symmetry as healing progresses
Stroke recovery: Quantify improvements in hemiparetic gait
Prosthetic/orthotic fitting: Optimize device alignment for symmetry
Training monitoring: Detect developing imbalances before injury
Step Length Symmetry Norms
Population
Mean GSI
Range
Healthy young adults (20-40 yr)
1.8 ± 0.9%
0.5-3.5%
Healthy older adults (65+ yr)
4.2 ± 2.1%
2.0-7.0%
Recreational athletes
2.1 ± 1.2%
0.8-4.0%
Post-ACL reconstruction (6 months)
8.5 ± 4.3%
4.0-15.0%
Chronic stroke (community walkers)
18.2 ± 9.7%
8.0-35.0%
Fitness-Based Classification
The Rockport Walking Test (1-Mile Walk)
The Rockport Walking Test estimates VO₂max from a timed 1-mile (1.61 km) walk. Walk as fast as possible for
1 mile, record time and post-exercise heart rate.
VO₂max (ml/kg/min) = 132.853
- (0.0769 × Weight in lbs)
- (0.3877 × Age in years)
+ (6.315 × Sex) [1 = male, 0 = female]
- (3.2649 × Time in minutes)
- (0.1565 × Heart Rate bpm)
1-Mile Walk Time Benchmarks by Age
Men - Fitness Levels
Age
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
20-29
>18:00
16:00-18:00
14:00-16:00
<14:00
30-39
>18:30
16:30-18:30
14:30-16:30
<14:30
40-49
>19:00
17:00-19:00
15:00-17:00
<15:00
50-59
>20:00
18:00-20:00
16:00-18:00
<16:00
60+
>21:00
19:00-21:00
17:00-19:00
<17:00
Women - Fitness Levels
Age
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
20-29
>19:00
17:00-19:00
15:00-17:00
<15:00
30-39
>19:30
17:30-19:30
15:30-17:30
<15:30
40-49
>20:00
18:00-20:00
16:00-18:00
<16:00
50-59
>21:00
19:00-21:00
17:00-19:00
<17:00
60+
>22:00
20:00-22:00
18:00-20:00
<18:00
Race Walking Performance Standards
Elite Race Walking Times
Distance
Men (World Record)
Women (World Record)
Average Speed
20 km
1:16:36 (Toshikazu Yamanishi, JPN, 2024)
1:24:38 (Yang Jiayu, CHN, 2021)
4.35-3.94 m/s (15.7-14.2 km/h)
35 km
2:23:57 (Yohann Diniz, FRA, 2017)
2:39:41 (Lyudmila Olyanovska, UKR, 2012)
4.07-3.67 m/s (14.6-13.2 km/h)
50 km
3:32:33 (Yohann Diniz, FRA, 2014)
3:59:15 (Yin Hang, CHN, 2019)
3.91-3.48 m/s (14.1-12.5 km/h)
Competitive Race Walking Standards (Non-Elite)
20 km Race Walking
Level
Men
Women
Pace (min/km)
National Elite
<1:25:00
<1:35:00
<4:15-4:45
Regional Competitive
1:25:00-1:40:00
1:35:00-1:50:00
4:15-5:30
Club Level
1:40:00-2:00:00
1:50:00-2:15:00
5:00-6:45
Recreational
>2:00:00
>2:15:00
>6:00-6:45
Race Walking Technique Benchmarks
Metric
Elite Race Walker
Recreational Walker
Cadence
180-220 spm
90-120 spm
Stride Length
1.0-1.3 m
0.6-0.9 m
Speed
3.9-4.5 m/s (14-16 km/h)
1.2-1.5 m/s (4.3-5.4 km/h)
Vertical Oscillation
2-4 cm (minimal)
4-7 cm
Hip Rotation
15-20° (exaggerated)
5-8° (natural)
Ground Contact Time
0.25-0.35 s
0.6-0.8 s
Walking Efficiency & Economy
Walking Economy: Measures how much energy (oxygen or calories) you consume to maintain a
given speed. Better efficiency allows you to walk further or faster with the same level of fatigue.
Vertical Ratio Benchmarks
A metric of mechanical efficiency (Vertical Oscillation / Stride Length).
Ratio (%)
Classification
Interpretation
<3.0%
Excellent
Very high efficiency, minimal vertical waste (elite level)
3.0-5.0%
Good
Efficient mechanics, typical of trained walkers
5.0-7.0%
Average
Standard economy; room for technical improvement
>7.0%
Poor
Significant "bounce" in gait; high metabolic cost
Efficiency Factor (EF) Benchmarks
A metric of physiological efficiency (Speed / Heart Rate × 1000).
EF Value
Classification
Fitness Level
>20
Excellent
Elite aerobic fitness and efficiency
16-20
Very Good
High-level fitness walker
12-16
Good
Solid aerobic base
8-12
Average
Typical recreational fitness
<8
Below Average
Beginner or low aerobic capacity
Using Benchmarks Effectively
Key Principles:
Context Matters: Compare yourself to appropriate age/sex/health status norms, not
universal standards.
Individual Variation: 10-20% variation from benchmarks is normal. Genetic factors,
training history, and biomechanics create wide ranges.
Progress Over Perfection: Improving your own metrics over time (e.g., increasing
gait speed by 0.1 m/s) matters more than matching arbitrary targets.
Clinical Thresholds: Some benchmarks have strong clinical significance (gait speed
>1.0 m/s, Peak-30 ≥100 spm), while others are descriptive only.
Multiple Metrics: Don't rely on single measures. Combine gait speed, cadence,
Peak-30, symmetry, and distance for comprehensive assessment.
Realistic Goals: Set SMART goals based on where you are now:
Sedentary → Low active: +20-30 spm cadence, +0.2 m/s speed
Low active → Moderately active: Achieve Peak-30 ≥90 spm consistently
Moderately active → Active: Target Peak-30 ≥100 spm, 7,500+ steps/day
Monitor Trends: Track metrics monthly or quarterly. Look for sustained improvements
or concerning declines.
